Cisalpine Gaul  was the Roman name for a geographical area (later a province of the Roman Republic), in the territory of modern-day northern Italy (including Emilia- Romagna, Friuloi- Venezia Giulia, Liguria, Lombardy, Piedmont, Trentino-Alto and Veneto), inhabitated by the Celts. Sometimes referred to as Gallia Citerior (Hither Gaul), Provincia Ariminum, or Gallia TogataGallia Transpadana denoted that part of Cisalpine Gaul between the Po and the Alps. The province was governed from Mutina, where in 73 BC forces under Spartacus defeated the legion of Gaius Cassius Longinus, the provincial governor. (Toga-wearing Gaul, indicating the region's early Romanization).

The River Rubicon marked its southern boundary with Italia proper, and it was upon crossing this river in 49BC that Julius Caesar, with his battle-hardened legions which resulted from the conquest of Gaul, precipitated a civil war throughout the Roman Republic that led to the eventual establishment of the Roman Empire.

The province was merged into Italia about 43–42 BC, as part of Octavian`s "Italicization" program during the Second Triumvirate. The end of the provincia required a new governing law or lex, though its contemporary title is unknown. The parts of it that are inscribed on a bronze tablet preserved in the museum at Parma are entirely concerned with arranging the judiciary; the lex appoints two viri and four viri juri dicundo. The lex also mentions a Prefect of Mutina. Virgi and Livy were born in Gallia Cisalpina, and were two famous sons of the Province.